the subesophageal mass consisted of brachial, pedal, chromatophore, funnel, vasomotor, and other lobes. These are known to be lower and intermediate motor centers. According to previous studies that performed electrical stimulations and induced lesions in the brains of O. vulgaris, the anterior part of the subesophageal mass is involved in the actions of arms and suckers, and the posterior part is involved in the actions of the mantle and viscera

Are the central control of equilibral responses and compensatory to eye movements.

Compared with the subesophageal mass, the supraesophageal mass showed a more complex structure, consisting of multiple lobes, including the vertical, basal, frontal, and buccal lobes. In O. vulgaris, the basal lobes are known to be higher motor centers that are responsible for fine motor control and coordination, and other supraesophageal lobes are implicated in cognitive processes such as feeding and defensive behaviors.

Is concerned with what we may call the classifying or analysing of the visual input and are also the seat of the actual visual memory record

Barring a few exceptions, octopuses have eight arms and no tentacles, while squid and cuttlefish have eight arms (or two "legs" and six "arms") and two tentacles. The arms can be described based on side and sequence position (such as L1, R1, L2, R2) and divided into four pairs. The two rear appendages are generally used to walk on the sea floor, while the other six are used to forage for food; hence some biologists refer to the animals as having six "arms" and two "legs". Eledone cirrhosa is one of the octopus species with only one row of suckers.

A sucker is usually circular and bowl-like and has two distinct parts: an outer shallow cavity called an infundibulum and a central hollow cavity called an acetabulum. Both of these structures are thick muscles, and are covered with a chitinous cuticle to make a protective surface.[10] Suckers are used for grasping substratum, catching prey and for locomotion.

Each optic lobe lies behind the eye in an 'orbit' bounded by cartilage and a tough fibrous membrane ('extra orbital sack'). It is cushioned by a mass of 'white body', lying in a system of orbital sinuses, which are controlled by special valves (Boycott & Young 1956). The optic lobe is a bean-shaped structure, with its long axis in the antero-posterior direction, as the eye is usually held.

The optic lobe is supplied by its own arteries, running with the optic tract, which connects the optic lobe with the rest of the brain.
On the dorsal surface of the optic tract lie two nervous structures and a gland-the peduncle and olfactory lobes (figures 2, plate 7 and 75, plate 13) and the optic gland (Boycott & Young 1956). The peduncle lobe receives many fibres from the optic lobes and its function is not known but may perhaps be concerned with the control of motor responses to visual changes.

The optic gland receives nerve fibres from the dorsal basal region and is itself concerned in the regulation of the onset of sexual maturity

The optic nerves contain the axonal processes of the retinal cells after the latter have passed through a plexus in which there may be synaptic interactions (Lenhossek, Cajal, Young 1962a). The optic nerves also contain fibres whose cell bodies lie in the optic lobes and even further centrally.

The mouth is the start of the digestive system. The mouth is part of the buccal mass and has a chitinous beak, a pharynx, radula and salivary glands.

The mouth is the start of the digestive system. The mouth is part of the buccal mass and has a chitinous beak, a pharynx, radula and salivary glands.

The mouth is the start of the digestive system. The mouth is part of the buccal mass and has a chitinous beak, a pharynx, radula and salivary glands.